President Vladimir Putin is currently serving his fourth term as President of Russia. Dictatorships seem much more extreme and unethical to people who enjoy the privilege of an outside perspective. An alternation in power under electoral rules identical to the ones that brought the incumbent to office must have taken place. Military dictatorship: 2. A dictator may address the opposition by repressing it through force, modifying laws to restrict its power, or appeasing it with limited benefits. He became the 22nd president of Liberia on August 2, 1997 and served until August 11, 2003. The classification depends on the rules outlining the relationship between a country's government, legislative assembly (often called the legislature), and head of state. Military dictators may also be less trusting or diplomatic and underestimate the use of bargaining and compromise in politics. [54], Asia saw several military dictatorships during the post-classical era. The exclave province of Cabinda has borders with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Rodrigo Duterte (Philippines) Rodrigo Roa Duterte is the legally, directly-elected President of the Philippines and leading member of the PDP-Laban party. Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. [8]:455 Sometimes sitting governments will attach a vote of no confidence clause to a piece of legislation they want passed, effectively tying the survival of the government on the piece of legislation. Countries that start with: Nigeria - 1966 to 1975 - Yakubu Gowon. He was a German legislator, organizer of Nazi party and furthermore filled in as Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945. Dictatorships arise through violence or non-violent means, but they almost always result in the loss of liberties, corruption, and human rights abuses. In personalist dictatorships, the elite corps are usually made up of close friends or family members of the dictator, who typically handpicks these individuals to serve their posts. That said, there are two important differences between dictatorships and autocracies. [126] Four strategies of political control commonly employed by dictatorships are repression, indoctrination, coercive distribution, and infiltration. During his reign of terror, about 30,000 Haitians are estimated to have been assassinated, while thousands - mostly intelligence fled the country. This is understandable, as the terms are very similar. The People's Republic of China is currently ruled by President Xi Jinping, who also serves as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, the country's Vice President, the President of the Central Party School, and the 1st ranked member of the CPC Politburo Standing Committee. Monarchies may be dynastic, in which the royal family serves as a ruling institution similar to a political party in a one-party state, or they may be non-dynastic, in which the monarch rules independently of the royal family as a personalist dictator. If the head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term then, the democracy is mixed or semi-presidential. President Obiang gained power in 1979 after ousting his uncle, Francisco Macas Nguema, and sentencing him to death by firing squad. [11][12] He describes totalitarian regimes as exercising control over politics and political mobilization rather than merely suppressing it. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. The result is that such regimes have no internal checks and balances, and are thus unrestrained when exerting repression on their people, making radical shifts in foreign policy, or starting wars with other countries. This means that the ruler or party has complete control. Its purpose is to collect information, mobilize society, and induce compliance with the dictatorships directives. [50] Monarchies allow for strict rules of succession that produce a peaceful transfer of power on the monarch's death, but this can also result in succession disputes if multiple members of the royal family claim a right to succeed. [130] One-party dictatorships are generally more stable and last longer than military or personalist dictatorships. Military dictatorships are controlled by military officers, one-party dictatorships are controlled by the leadership of a political party, and personalist dictatorships are controlled by a single individual. The earliest military dictatorships developed in the post-classical era, particularly in Shogun-era Japan and in England under Cromwell. Many countries today are still under a dictatorship, including: Cambodia China North Korea Russia And many more! However, many people in long-running dictatorships such as North Korea and Cameroon have never experienced anything else, so living in a dictatorship is much less jarring and shocking to them. In military dictatorships, it is the military that exerts complete or substantial control over the government rather than a political clique. Organizations that maintain moral authority with the public, such as the Church, are often the most targeted by infiltration. Changing Human Nature Needs a "Dictatorship of the Proletariat" . [101] Albania was established as a communist dictatorship under Enver Hoxha in 1944. Many are noted for their cruelty, while others are honored as national heroes. 1 Norway 2 Iceland 3 Sweden 4 New Zealand 5 Denmark =6 Canada =6 Ireland 8 Australia =9 Switzerland =9 Finland The dictatorship of Francisco Franco in Spain , from 1939 to 1975. Donal Blaine Aidan Cinhil Haldane, 24th king of Gwynedd, reigned 1074 to 1095. Keep note that the head of state, chief executive, government, and legislatures can have their official names be seemingly contradictory to this classification. Secondly, while the term "dictatorship" is widely understood to include inherent abuse of powerthere is arguably no such thing as a benevolent dictatorhistory offers several examples of autocrats who tried to do what was best for their people. This type of vote is termed a constructive vote of no confidence. The dictator is the absolute ruler. Single-party dictatorships: 5. [145] Dictatorships may hold semi-competitive elections to qualify for foreign aid, to demonstrate a dictator's control over the government, or to incentivize the party to expand its information-gathering capacity, particularly at the local level. [95] A similar phenomenon took place in Korea, where Kim Il-sung created a Soviet-backed communist dictatorship in North Korea[96] and Syngman Rhee created a US-backed nationalist dictatorship in South Korea. [94], Marxist and nationalist movements became popular in Southeast Asia as a response to colonial control and the subsequent Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia, with both ideologies facilitating the creation of dictatorships after World War II. [4] A unified inner circle has the capacity to overthrow a dictator, and the dictator must make greater concessions to the inner circle to stay in power. [84] Other nationalist movements in Europe established dictatorships based on the fascist model. Kim Jong-Il (1.6 million deaths) Kim Jong-il in 2010. African Dictators Dictators are incentivized to avoid the use of violence once a reputation of violence is established, as it damages the dictatorship's other institutions and poses a threat to the dictator's rule should government forces become disloyal. [139], Most dictatorships hold elections to maintain legitimacy and stability, but these elections are typically uncompetitive and the opposition is not permitted to win. Even in today's modern world, where freedom is prized and respected, you will still find examples of dictatorship governments around the globe. 5. Semi-competitive elections also have the effect of incentivizing members of the ruling party to provide better treatment of citizens so they will be chosen as party nominees due to their popularity. Hybrid dictatorships blend elements of the other four types. A dictatorship is a type of government in which a single personthe dictatoror party has absolute power. They are ruled by one-party or military dictatorships, religious hierarchies, or autocrats. Single-party dictatorships are one-party states in which only the party in power is legalized and all opposition parties are banned. Some of the most famous dictators in history include Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and Saddam Hussein. Based on a "minimalist" theory of democracy, the index relies on rules regarding the existence of competitive elections. Some have been in power for decades, such as President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial New Guinea. Various forms of dictatorship have been a context in which social and behavioral sciences (SBS) have been developing through most of the twentieth century. The first distinction made is whether a democracy's government is responsible to the legislature. [81] These reforms incorporated totalitarianism, fealty to the state, expansionism, corporatism, and anti-communism. Qatar - Sheikh Hamad Bin Jassim Bin Jabr Al-Thani Russia - Vladimir Putin, President of Russia Rwanda - Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda Saudi Arabia - King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz, King of Saudi Arabia Somalia - Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, President of Somalia South Sudan - Salva Kiir Mayardit, President A political rival accused Obiang of cannibalism in 2004, but no evidence to support the claim has ever surfaced. The deadliest dictatorships are discussed below. [18], A classification of dictatorships, which began with political scientist Barbara Geddes in 1999, focuses on where power lies. [148], Terrorism is less common in dictatorships. [1] Popularly elected means that the head of state is directly elected by the citizens or elected by an assembly which then elects them (an example being the electoral college in the United States). Francois Duvalier (1907 - 1971) The Haitian dictator, also known as Papa Doc, governed the Americas' poorest country from 1957 to he died in 1971. In the last six years alone, at least 26 African countries have experienced transfers of power. [78], At the same time, nationalist movements grew throughout Europe. The dictator of Italy from 1925 to 1945, Benito Mussolini founded the Fascist Party in 1919. One of its most notable examples was Holodomor, where Joseph Stalin blamed the shortages of grain on "enemies of the state" who hoarded it. After the recent death of Idriss Deby in April 2021, his son Mahamat Deby took over. Its territory covers 652,000 km, making it the 41st largest country in the world. [56] At least 85 such dictators were chosen over the course of the Roman Republic, the last of which was chosen to wage the Second Punic War. [1]:70. [106], The nature of dictatorship changed in much of the world at the onset of the 21st century. There's no room for opposition or . [71] The aftermath of World War I resulted in a major shift in European politics, establishing new governments, facilitating internal change in older governments, and redrawing the boundaries between countries, allowing opportunities for these movements to seize power. [87] Populist movements were strengthened following the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, producing populist dictatorships in several Latin American countries. Dominant-party dictatorships or electoral authoritarian dictatorships are one-party dictatorships in which opposition parties are nominally legal but cannot meaningfully influence government. Hybrid dictatorships are regimes that have a combination of these classifications. As of early 2022, the countries of Afghanistan, Eritrea, North Korea, and Turkmenistan are the only nations in the world whose governments are generally considered to be totalitarian dictatorships. ( 1, 2, 3) 5 Paul Kagame, the 60-year-old President of Rwanda, has been in power since 1994 when his rebel army ended the genocide which had killed 800,000 people. For democracies, it categorizes them into three types: parliamentary, semi-presidential and presidential democracies. The dictator maintains control by influencing and appeasing the inner circle while repressing any opposition, which may include rival political parties, armed resistance, or disloyal members of the inner circle. As the Cold War went on, the Soviet Union increased its influence in Africa, and MarxistLeninist dictatorships developed in several African countries. These individuals form an inner circle, making up a class of elites that hold a degree of power within the dictatorship and receive benefits in exchange for their support. The communist and fascist dictatorships that arose in various technologically advanced countries in the first half of the 20th century were distinctively different from the authoritarian regimes of Latin America or the postcolonial dictatorships of Africa and Asia. [80] Italian dictator Benito Mussolini seized power in 1922, and began implementing reforms in 1925 to create the first fascist dictatorship. Stability can be weakened when opposition groups grow and unify or when elites are not loyal to the regime. Giving ultimate power and control to just one person is not ideal, as it can lead to future unrest and problems. in Turkey, Kamal Pasha, established his dictatorship in 1921 and he remained in power till his death in 1938. The chief executive must be chosen by popular election or by a body that was itself popularly elected. A dictatorship is an authoritarian structure of government. [9] Political philosopher Hannah Arendt describes totalitarianism as a new and extreme form of dictatorship composed of "atomized, isolated individuals" in which ideology plays a leading role in defining how the entire society should be organized. The totalitarian dictatorship in the People's Republic of China , from 1949 to the present. Under this system, there are three types of dictatorships. W; Alphabetical list of countries; Alphabetical list of countries. [22], Military dictatorships are typically formed by a military coup in which senior officers use the military to overthrow the government. In a dictatorial government, power rests with one supreme ruler. Over the course of almost 20 years, he ruled Chile with an iron fist, ordering the deaths of thousands of suspected . In addition to executive authority, Putin also holds judicial and legislative power, which enables him to change the law to fit his agenda. [26], A dictatorship may fall because of a military coup, foreign intervention, negotiation, or popular revolution. [147] The use of violence by a dictator is frequently most severe during the first few years of a dictatorship, because the regime has not yet solidified its rule and more detailed information for targeted coercion is not yet available. It is the seventh largest country in Africa, and is bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean and Luanda is its capital city. Hybrid dictatorships: What it's like to live under a Dictatorship. Sudan - 1989 to 2019 - Omar al-Bashir. [8]:456. In some cases, nations may have multiple ruling bodies or government types, meaning they're not exclusively countries that are governed by dictatorships. [17] Between 1946 and 2010, 42% of dictatorships began by overthrowing a different dictatorship, and 26% began after achieving independence from a foreign government. The Five Kinds of Dictatorship 1. Teodoro Obiang Nguesma Mbasogo overthrew his uncle Macias in 1979 in a bloody coup. Coercive distribution comprises of distributing welfare and state resources to control citizens and elites. The relations between the countries were strained by Soviet attempts to influence Yugoslavia, leading to the TitoStalin split in 1948. Some countries, such as Sweden, instead charge another person entirely with choosing the head of government, such as the presiding officer of the legislative assembly. [100] Josip Broz Tito declared a communist government in Yugoslavia during World War II, which was initially aligned with the Soviet Union. 10. Adolf Hitler: 14 most cruel dictators Benito Mussolini: 14 most cruel dictators Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924): 14 most cruel dictators Joseph Stalin: 14 most cruel dictators Mao Zedong or Mao or Mao Tse Tung: 14 most cruel dictators Muammar Gaddafi: 14 most cruel dictators Idi Amin (1920-2003): 14 most cruel dictators A dictator that has concentrated significant power is more likely to be exiled, imprisoned, or killed after ouster, and accordingly they are more likely to refuse negotiation and cling to power. Imelda Marcos was the wife of Ferdinand Marcos, who ruled over the . One of the reasons for this is the fact that the military often has more cohesion and institutional structure than most of the civilian institutions of society. Modern Dictatorship Countries. Military dictatorships are more prone to conflict due to the inherent military strength associated with such a regime, and personalist dictatorships are more prone to conflict due to the weaker institutions to check the dictator's power. However, a political rights score of 6 or 7 corresponds most closely with our definition of dictatorship, based on Freedom House's characterization: 6 Countries and territories with a rating of 6 have very restricted political rights. Like the two individuals above, Imelda Marcos gained her power through being the wife of a military dictator. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 12:26. Elites in personalist dictatorships often do not have a professional political career and are unqualified for positions they are given. REUTERS/Myo Kyaw Soe. He responded by ordering the confiscation of food, impossible farming yield quotas, banning private farming for substenance, and introducing internal passports and residency permits, which prevented villagers from seeking food elsewhere. whether a majority vote in the legislature can remove the sitting government without cause. Political scientists such as Juan Jos Linz and Samuel P. Huntington identify key attributes that define the power structure of a dictatorship, including a single leader or a small group of leaders, the exercise of power with few limitations, limited political pluralism, and limited mass mobilization. [103], Military dictatorships remained prominent in Latin America during the Cold War, though the number of coups declined starting in the 1980s. Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) Pol Pot (1925-1998) Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945) Saddam Hussein (1937-2006) Idi Amin (1952-2003) Is Venezuela a dictatorship? Current Heads of State & Dictators - Planet Rulers, President Faustin Archange Touadera of the, President Flix Tshilombo Tshisekedi of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, President Denis Sassou Nguesso of the Republic of the Congo, President Teodoro Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea, President Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan of. Since the Korean War, North Korea has been ruled by a series of autocratic leaders. Parties formed after the seizure of power often have little influence and only exist to serve the dictator. [131] A military coup is often carried out when a regime is threatening the country's stability or during periods of societal unrest. Some of the principal drivers of indoctrination are mass education policies, propaganda, and censorship. The terms "autocrat" and "autocracy" are often used interchangeably with "dictator" and "dictatorship". (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). [146], In a dictatorship, violence is used to coerce or repress all opposition to the dictator's rule, and the strength of a dictatorship depends on its use of violence. [129], Several factors determine the stability of a dictatorship, and they must maintain some degree of popular support to prevent resistance groups from growing. In the 19th century, settlers slowly and hesitantly began to establish themselves in. [126] Some of the most ruthless examples of repression in recent history were repression by hunger. In fact, you may devise any chart you like concerning politics or anything else and label left and right however you choose.